Como pegar um espião
Palavras-chave:
contraespionagem; espionagem; estudo de casos
Resumo
A espionagem é utilizada na obtenção de informações para apoiar o processo decisório estatal. Os Estados praticam a contraespionagem para proteger seus segredos. Três casos distintos de espionagem (Ana Montes, Brian Regan e os Ilegais) são brevemente apresentados. Trata-se de um caso de infiltração individual, um de empregado descontente e um de rede de espionagem. Apesar de serem muito diferentes, os três casos têm em comum o fato de que foram descobertos a partir de informações fornecidas por fonte recrutada no órgão de Inteligência adversário. O ensaio discute a contraespionagem ofensiva e conclui que uma contraespionagem eficaz requer um esforço de recrutamento de fontes em organizações de Inteligência adversárias.
Referências
BAGLEY, Tennent H. Ghosts of the Spy Wars: A Personal Reminder to Interested Parties. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Londres, Taylor and Francis v. 28, n. 1, p. 1-37, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08850607.2014.962362. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2020.
BAUER, Deborah Susan. Marianne is Watching: Knowledge, Secrecy, Intelligence and the Origins of the French Surveillance State (1870–1914). 2013. Tese (Doutorado em História) – University of California, 2013. Disponível em: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rt4z6js. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023
BHATTACHARJEE, Y. How the FBI tracked down 'the spy who couldn't spell'. CNN. 1 Nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/01/us/declassified-the-spy-who-couldnt-spell/index.html. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
BHATTACHARJEE, Y. The spy who couldn’t spell: how the biggest heist in the history of US espionage was foiled. The Guardian. 16 out. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/spy-couldnt-spell-how-biggest-heists-us-espionage-history-foiled. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
BOUDREAUX, R. Busted Russian Spy Wants Old Life Back. The Wall Street Journal, Nova York, 7 ago. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703309704575413600124475346. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2020.
CARMICHAEL, Scott True Believer: Inside the Investigation and Capture of Ana Montes, Cuba's Master Spy. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007 apud ANA Montes. In: WIKIPÉDIA: a enciclopédia livre. Disponível em: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Montes. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2021.
CHRISTENSEN, C. Review of The Spy Who Couldn’t Spell by Yudhijit Bhattacharjee, Cryptologia, Londres: Taylor and Francis, 43: 1, 65-68.
COUNTERESPIONAGE. In. REAGAN, L. M. (Ed.). Counterintelligence Glossary -- Terms & Definitions of Interest for CI Professionals. United States Department of Defense. 2014, p. 54. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/eprint/ci-glossary.pdf. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
DE LA COVA, A. Review of Carmichael, S. W. True Believer: Inside the Investigation and Capture of Ana Montes, Cuba's Master-Spy. History Reviews of New Books, Londres, v. 35, n. 3, p. 106, 2007. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284724926_Review_of_Scott_W_Carmichael's_True_Believer_Inside_the_Investigation_and_Capture_of_Ana_Montes_Cuba's_Master_Spy. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2021.
DEFENSE PERSONNEL AND SECURITY RESEARCH CENTER. Defense Human Resources Activity. Espionage and Other Compromises of National Security 1975-2008. 2008. Disponível em: https://www.dhra.mil/PERSEREC/Espionage-Cases .Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
DEFENSIVE Counterintelligence Activities. In. REAGAN, L. M. (Ed.). Counterintelligence Glossary -- Terms & Definitions of Interest for CI Professionals. United States Department of Defense. 2014, p. 114. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/eprint/ci-glossary.pdf. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
DID Russian spy get close to infiltrating Hillary Clinton's inner circle? FBI warns of 'new breed' of Moscow agents. The Daily Mail, Londres, 1º nov. 2011. Disponível em: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2056301/Did-Russian-spy-close-infiltrating-Hillary-Clintons-inner-circle.html. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
EFTIMIADES, Nicholas. On the Question of Chinese Espionage. Brown. Journal of World Affairs, Providence, v. 26, n. 1, p. 125-142. .2019. Disponível em: https://bjwa.brown.edu/26-1/on-the-question-of-chinese-espionage/. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2022.
FAULCONBRIDGE, Guy; BADER, Heinz-Peter. Russia, U.S. swap 14 in Cold War-style spy exchange. Reuters, Londres, 9 jul. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6680KB20100709. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2020.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. Higher Education and National Security: The Targeting of Sensitive, Proprietary and Classified Information on Campuses of Higher Education, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/higher-education-national-security.pdf/view. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. Brian P. Regan Espionage. Disponível em: fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/brian-p-regan-espionage. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
GOLDMAM, A. US Spy Freed by Cuba Was Longtime Asset. The Washington Post, 18 dez. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-freed-by-cuba-was-longtime-asset/2014/12/17/a3b374c4-8612-11e4-a702-fa31ff4ae98e_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_5. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
HARBER, Justin R. Unconventional Spies: The Counterintelligence Threat from Non-State Actors. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Londres, Taylor and Francis, v. 22, n. 2, p. 221-23, 2009. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08850600802698200. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
HULNICK, Arthur S. Espionage: Does It Have a Future in the 21st Century? Brown Journal of World Affairs, v. 11, n. 1, p. 165-73. 2004. Disponível em: https://bjwa.brown.edu/11-1/espionage-does-it-have-a-future-in-the-21-st-century/. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023.
LUCAS, E. Deception: the untold story of East-West espionage today. 1. ed. Nova York: Walker Publishing Company, 2012, pp. 120-139.
MCCOY, T. Cuba deal reveals new clues in case of Ana Montes, ‘the most important spy you’ve never heard of’. The Washington Post, 18 dez. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/18/cuba-deal-reveals-new-clues-in-case-of-ana-montes-the-most-important-spy-youve-never-heard-of/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
MITROKHIN, Victor. KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officers Handbook. London: Routledge, 2002.
POPKIN, J. Ana Montes did much harm spying for Cuba. Chances are, you haven’t heard of her. The Washington Post. 18 abr. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/feature/wp/2013/04/18/ana-montes-did-much-harm-spying-for-cuba-chances-are-you-havent-heard-of-her/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
POTEEV’S case: traitor caused $ 50 million damage but could not deceive the authorities with his Ukrainian mistress. Newsru.com, Moscou, 28 jun. 2011. Disponível em: https://www.newsru.com/russia/28jun2011/poteev.html. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
ROSE, S. Cold War Cuban Spies in the USA in the 1980s – The Case of Ana Montes. History is Now Magazine. 26 fev. 2019. Disponível em: http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2019/2/24/cold-war-cuban-spies-in-the-usa-in-the-1980s-the-case-of-ana-montes#.YF-f6FVKj3g=. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
SCHNEIDER, H. Treason the Easy Way. The Wall Street journal. 22 dez. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.wsj.com/articles/treason-the-easy-way-1482446149. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
SULMASY, Glenn; YOO, John. Counterintuitive: Intelligence Operations and International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law, Ann Arbor, v.28 n.3, p.625-638, 2007. Disponível em: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol28/iss3/6. Acesso em: 03 abr. 2022
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Ten Alleged Secret Agents Arrested in the United States. Justice News, 28 jun. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ten-alleged-secret-agents-arrested-united-states. Acesso em: 8 set. 2021.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. A Review of the FBI’s Progress in Responding to the Recommendations in the Office of the Inspector General Report on Robert Hanssen. 2007. Disponível em: https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/s0710/index.htm. Acesso em: 27 fev. 2021.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Southern District of New York. United States of America X "Christopher R. Metsos", "Richard Murphy", "Cynthia Murphy", "Donald Howard Heathfield”, "Tracey Lee Ann Foley", "Michael Zottoli", "Patricia Mills", "Juan Lazaro" and Vicky Pelaez. 27 de junho de 2010a. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2010/06/28/062810complaint2.pdf. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2020.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Southern District of New York. United States of America X Anna Chapman e Mikhail Semenko. 27 de junho de 2010b. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2010/06/28/062810complaint1.pdf. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2020.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. United States of America v. Brian P. Regan, No. CRIM. 01-405-A. Criminal Complaint, August, 2001a. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/regan_complaint.html. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. United States of America v. Brian P. Regan, No. CRIM. 01-405-A. Indictiment, October 23, 2001b. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/regan_indict.html. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
WETTERING, Frederick L. Counterintelligence: The Broken Triad. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, v. 13, n. 3, p. 265-300. Londres: Taylor and Francis, 2000. Disponível em: DOI: 10.1080/08850600050140607. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2020.
BAUER, Deborah Susan. Marianne is Watching: Knowledge, Secrecy, Intelligence and the Origins of the French Surveillance State (1870–1914). 2013. Tese (Doutorado em História) – University of California, 2013. Disponível em: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rt4z6js. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023
BHATTACHARJEE, Y. How the FBI tracked down 'the spy who couldn't spell'. CNN. 1 Nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/01/us/declassified-the-spy-who-couldnt-spell/index.html. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
BHATTACHARJEE, Y. The spy who couldn’t spell: how the biggest heist in the history of US espionage was foiled. The Guardian. 16 out. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/spy-couldnt-spell-how-biggest-heists-us-espionage-history-foiled. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
BOUDREAUX, R. Busted Russian Spy Wants Old Life Back. The Wall Street Journal, Nova York, 7 ago. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703309704575413600124475346. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2020.
CARMICHAEL, Scott True Believer: Inside the Investigation and Capture of Ana Montes, Cuba's Master Spy. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007 apud ANA Montes. In: WIKIPÉDIA: a enciclopédia livre. Disponível em: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Montes. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2021.
CHRISTENSEN, C. Review of The Spy Who Couldn’t Spell by Yudhijit Bhattacharjee, Cryptologia, Londres: Taylor and Francis, 43: 1, 65-68.
COUNTERESPIONAGE. In. REAGAN, L. M. (Ed.). Counterintelligence Glossary -- Terms & Definitions of Interest for CI Professionals. United States Department of Defense. 2014, p. 54. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/eprint/ci-glossary.pdf. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
DE LA COVA, A. Review of Carmichael, S. W. True Believer: Inside the Investigation and Capture of Ana Montes, Cuba's Master-Spy. History Reviews of New Books, Londres, v. 35, n. 3, p. 106, 2007. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284724926_Review_of_Scott_W_Carmichael's_True_Believer_Inside_the_Investigation_and_Capture_of_Ana_Montes_Cuba's_Master_Spy. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2021.
DEFENSE PERSONNEL AND SECURITY RESEARCH CENTER. Defense Human Resources Activity. Espionage and Other Compromises of National Security 1975-2008. 2008. Disponível em: https://www.dhra.mil/PERSEREC/Espionage-Cases .Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
DEFENSIVE Counterintelligence Activities. In. REAGAN, L. M. (Ed.). Counterintelligence Glossary -- Terms & Definitions of Interest for CI Professionals. United States Department of Defense. 2014, p. 114. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/eprint/ci-glossary.pdf. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
DID Russian spy get close to infiltrating Hillary Clinton's inner circle? FBI warns of 'new breed' of Moscow agents. The Daily Mail, Londres, 1º nov. 2011. Disponível em: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2056301/Did-Russian-spy-close-infiltrating-Hillary-Clintons-inner-circle.html. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
EFTIMIADES, Nicholas. On the Question of Chinese Espionage. Brown. Journal of World Affairs, Providence, v. 26, n. 1, p. 125-142. .2019. Disponível em: https://bjwa.brown.edu/26-1/on-the-question-of-chinese-espionage/. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2022.
FAULCONBRIDGE, Guy; BADER, Heinz-Peter. Russia, U.S. swap 14 in Cold War-style spy exchange. Reuters, Londres, 9 jul. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6680KB20100709. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2020.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. Higher Education and National Security: The Targeting of Sensitive, Proprietary and Classified Information on Campuses of Higher Education, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/higher-education-national-security.pdf/view. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. Brian P. Regan Espionage. Disponível em: fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/brian-p-regan-espionage. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
GOLDMAM, A. US Spy Freed by Cuba Was Longtime Asset. The Washington Post, 18 dez. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-freed-by-cuba-was-longtime-asset/2014/12/17/a3b374c4-8612-11e4-a702-fa31ff4ae98e_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_5. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2021.
HARBER, Justin R. Unconventional Spies: The Counterintelligence Threat from Non-State Actors. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Londres, Taylor and Francis, v. 22, n. 2, p. 221-23, 2009. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08850600802698200. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
HULNICK, Arthur S. Espionage: Does It Have a Future in the 21st Century? Brown Journal of World Affairs, v. 11, n. 1, p. 165-73. 2004. Disponível em: https://bjwa.brown.edu/11-1/espionage-does-it-have-a-future-in-the-21-st-century/. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023.
LUCAS, E. Deception: the untold story of East-West espionage today. 1. ed. Nova York: Walker Publishing Company, 2012, pp. 120-139.
MCCOY, T. Cuba deal reveals new clues in case of Ana Montes, ‘the most important spy you’ve never heard of’. The Washington Post, 18 dez. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/18/cuba-deal-reveals-new-clues-in-case-of-ana-montes-the-most-important-spy-youve-never-heard-of/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
MITROKHIN, Victor. KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officers Handbook. London: Routledge, 2002.
POPKIN, J. Ana Montes did much harm spying for Cuba. Chances are, you haven’t heard of her. The Washington Post. 18 abr. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/feature/wp/2013/04/18/ana-montes-did-much-harm-spying-for-cuba-chances-are-you-havent-heard-of-her/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
POTEEV’S case: traitor caused $ 50 million damage but could not deceive the authorities with his Ukrainian mistress. Newsru.com, Moscou, 28 jun. 2011. Disponível em: https://www.newsru.com/russia/28jun2011/poteev.html. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
ROSE, S. Cold War Cuban Spies in the USA in the 1980s – The Case of Ana Montes. History is Now Magazine. 26 fev. 2019. Disponível em: http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2019/2/24/cold-war-cuban-spies-in-the-usa-in-the-1980s-the-case-of-ana-montes#.YF-f6FVKj3g=. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2020.
SCHNEIDER, H. Treason the Easy Way. The Wall Street journal. 22 dez. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.wsj.com/articles/treason-the-easy-way-1482446149. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
SULMASY, Glenn; YOO, John. Counterintuitive: Intelligence Operations and International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law, Ann Arbor, v.28 n.3, p.625-638, 2007. Disponível em: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol28/iss3/6. Acesso em: 03 abr. 2022
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Ten Alleged Secret Agents Arrested in the United States. Justice News, 28 jun. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ten-alleged-secret-agents-arrested-united-states. Acesso em: 8 set. 2021.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. A Review of the FBI’s Progress in Responding to the Recommendations in the Office of the Inspector General Report on Robert Hanssen. 2007. Disponível em: https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/s0710/index.htm. Acesso em: 27 fev. 2021.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Southern District of New York. United States of America X "Christopher R. Metsos", "Richard Murphy", "Cynthia Murphy", "Donald Howard Heathfield”, "Tracey Lee Ann Foley", "Michael Zottoli", "Patricia Mills", "Juan Lazaro" and Vicky Pelaez. 27 de junho de 2010a. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2010/06/28/062810complaint2.pdf. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2020.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Southern District of New York. United States of America X Anna Chapman e Mikhail Semenko. 27 de junho de 2010b. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2010/06/28/062810complaint1.pdf. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2020.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. United States of America v. Brian P. Regan, No. CRIM. 01-405-A. Criminal Complaint, August, 2001a. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/regan_complaint.html. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. United States of America v. Brian P. Regan, No. CRIM. 01-405-A. Indictiment, October 23, 2001b. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/regan_indict.html. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2021.
WETTERING, Frederick L. Counterintelligence: The Broken Triad. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, v. 13, n. 3, p. 265-300. Londres: Taylor and Francis, 2000. Disponível em: DOI: 10.1080/08850600050140607. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2020.
Publicado
2023-10-27
Como Citar
RIBEIRO PEREIRA, A. Como pegar um espião. Revista Brasileira de Inteligência, n. 18, p. 269-279, 27 out. 2023.
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